Le-Chatelier principle: if an equilibrium system is subjected to a change, reaction will occur in such a way as to counter act the imposed change. Example. Manufacture of Ammonia: N3 (g) + H2(g) → 2NH3(g) ; ΔH = -93.6kJ. (i) Effect of pressure: The increases in pressure causes the-equilibrium to shift from left to right.
Internal energy: The energy stored in a fixed amount of a substance (atom or molecule) is known as its internal energy. It is denoted by the sign E. Change in internal energy: It is the difference in the internal energies of the product and the reactant species taking part in a chemical reaction at constant
Hybridization : is a mathematical concept which implies for the mixing of various atomic orbitals with slightly different energies of the same atom to construct equal number of hybrid (mixed) orbitals of equal energy, in a molecule. For an isolated atom, however. the hybridization has no meaning. Hybridization involves promotion of electron from a lower