Simplified Chemistry

boiling-point-composition diagram

A diagram for a two-component liquid system representing both the variation of the boiling point and the composition of the vapor phase as the liquid-phase composition is varied. A mixture of A and B at composition L₁ would have a boiling point T₁ and a vapor composition V₁, which when condensed would give a liquid at L₂. L₂ would boil …

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Blast Furnace

A furnace for producing iron from iron(III) oxide. A mixture of the ore with coke and a flux is heated by preheated air blown into the bottom of the furnace. The flux is often calcium oxide (from limestone). Molten pig iron is run off from the bottom of the furnace.

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Birkeland–Eyde process

Birkeland–Eyde process : An industrial process for fixing nitrogen (as nitrogen monoxide) by passing air through an electric arc. It is one of the first processes to take place while manufacturing nitrogen based fertilizers. It was developed by Norwegian physicist and chemist Kristian Olaf Bernhard Birkeland (1867–1917) and the Norwegian engineer and industrialist Samuel Eyde (1866–1940). First an Electric Arc …

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Bohrium

A chemical element, symbol Bh, atomic number 107. Bohrium was synthesized and identified in 1981 by using the Universal Linear Accelerator (UNILAC) of the Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung (GSI) at Darmstadt, West Germany, by a team led by P. Armbruster and G. Muzenberq. The reaction used to produce the element was proposed and applied in 1976 by Y. T. Oganessian and …

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Important bismuth compounds

Bismuth(III) carbonate dioxide : (bismuthyl carbonate; Bi2O2CO3) A white solid prepared by mixing solutions of bismuth nitrate and ammonium carbonate. It contains the (BiO)+ ion. Bismuth(III) chloride (bismuth trichloride; BiCl3) A white deliquescent solid. It can be prepared by direct combination of bismuth and chlorine. Bismuth(III) chloride dissolves in excess dilute hydrochloric acid to form a clear liquid, but if …

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important beryllium compounds

Beryllium carbonate (BeCO₃) , molecular weight: 69.021 g/mol , melting point: 54 °C  . It is An unstable solid prepared by prolonged treatment of a suspension of beryllium hydroxide with carbon dioxide. The resulting solution is evaporated and filtered in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide. This compound is toxic, Irritant and dangerous for the environment. Beryllium chloride (BeCl₂), molecular weight 79.9182 g/mol …

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Beckmann thermometer

A type of thermometer designed to measure differences in temperature rather than scale degrees. Beckmann thermometers have a larger bulb than common thermometers and a stem with a small internal diameter, so that a range of 5°C covers about 30 centimeters in the stem. The mercury bulb is connected to the stem in such a way that the bulk of …

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Batch process

A manufacturing process in which the reactants are fed into the process in fixed quantities (batches), rather than in a continuous flow. At any particular instant all the material, from its preparation to the final product, has reached a definite stage in the process. Baking a cake is an example of a batch process. Such processes present problems of automation …

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Bessemer process

A process for making steel from pig iron. A vertical cylindrical steel vessel (converter) is used, lined with a refractory material. Air is blown through the molten iron and carbon is oxidized and thus removed from the iron. Other impurities – silicon, sulfur, and phosphorus – are also oxidized. Irons containing large amounts of phosphorus are treated in a converter lined with a basic material, so that a phosphate slag …

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important barium compound

Important Barium Compound Barium carbonate: (BaCO₃), molecular weight: 197.34 g/mol  , density: 4.286 g/cm3 , melting point: 811 °C .  It is a white insoluble salt that occurs naturally as the mineral witherite. Barium carbonate can be readily precipitated by adding an alkali carbonate to a barium salt solution. On heating it decomposes reversibly with the formation of the oxide and carbon dioxide: BaCO₃⇋BaO + CO₂ It is …

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